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VITA ANTIQUA                                                                          ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Svitlana Ivanysko¹
Museums of Ukraine during the russian-Ukrainian war (based on media sources)
¹ Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
¹ ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-1371

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-94-108
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-94-108

ABSTRACT

It would seem that humanity received two doses of the vaccine in the 20th century to reject the desire to wage aggressive war forever. However, the beginning of the 21st century was also marked by the war of aggression that Russia started against Ukraine. The territory of Ukraine suffered (and continues to suffer) special losses: it was the theater of hostilities of the First World War, the Second World War, and now another war is destroying life, the country, and our cultural heritage. War, like any other type of destructive activity, negatively affects people's lives, the economy of countries, and the world in general; the sphere of culture suffers, including museums.

At this stage, it is possible conditionally distinguish two periods in the Russian-Ukrainian war (respectively, two stages in the activity of museums at this time): 1) February 2014 - February 24, 2022; 2) after February 24, 2022.

Russia's aggression against Ukraine began in February 2014 with the occupation of Crimea, the organization of pro-Russian rallies in cities in the east and south of Ukraine, and the occupation of certain areas of Luhansk and Donetsk regions. Museum institutions in these territories became automatically under occupation or under threat of destruction as a result of hostilities. The central government of Ukraine was not ready for aggression and occupation, museum collections were not evacuated, even information about these collections can be considered lost. According to the registers of the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy, by 2014 there were 99 museums in Crimea, 24 in Donetsk Oblast, 23 in Luhansk, which stored hundreds of thousands (perhaps millions) of movable cultural heritage items.

After February 24, 2022, the entire heritage of Ukraine, both cultural and natural, is under threat of destruction, because Russian missiles can reach any point in Ukraine (and not only). Museums in the territory controlled by Ukraine or evacuated from the occupied territory must resume their activities. For the evacuated institutions, the problem of restoring the statutory and financial documentation and the museum staff actually arose. Other museum institutions have started the process of documenting the course of military actions in Ukraine and informing the world about the events in Ukraine.

Museum institutions and individual employees are coming together to help each other in difficult times: the Heritage Rescue Headquarters and the Museum Crisis Center have been created, and initiatives that existed before the full-scale invasion continue to help museums (to cope with new challenges). Despite the disassembled exhibits, museum life in Ukraine has not stopped - new exhibitions, other cultural events, exhibitions of museum objects from Ukraine abroad are taking place, trainings and courses are organized on how to work in a crisis period, and foreign colleagues come to familiarize themselves with the experience of museums during war.

Key words: museums of Ukraine, russian-Ukrainian war, museum collections, evacuation, cultural values.

Language: Ukrainian

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Cite as:

Ivanysko, S.I. 2023. Stanovyshche muzeiv Ukrainy v period rosiisko-ukrainskoi viiny (za materialamy media-resursiv) (Museums of Ukraine during the russian-Ukrainian war (based on media sources)). VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

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VITA ANTIQUA                                                                  ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Olena Kliushnychenko¹
Challenges of War for Museums in Ukraine
¹Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
¹ORCID: 0009-0001-2454-1851

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-60-71
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-60-71

ABSTRACT

Having analyzed the challenges faced by Ukrainian museums during the war, we can conclude that the war has created a number of difficulties for the preservation and exhibition of cultural heritage. Destruction of infrastructure, displacement of population, and lack of funding are some of the main challenges faced by museums in Ukraine. Ongoing violence and instability also make it difficult for museums to operate and continue their important cultural activities. Despite these challenges, many museums in Ukraine continue to strive to preserve their heritage and showcase their cultural history to the world. It is important that the international community supports these efforts by providing funding and resources to help these museums thrive in the face of the conflict, as the ongoing hostilities have also made it difficult for museums to acquire new exhibits or preserve existing ones, as funding is often diverted to other pressing issues.

Despite these challenges, museums in Ukraine continue to play a vital role in preserving the country's cultural heritage. They serve as important repositories of historical knowledge and provide opportunities for the public to appreciate and learn about Ukraine's rich cultural heritage. With proper support and resources, Ukrainian museums can continue to thrive and contribute to the country's cultural development.

The preservation of cultural artifacts during the war is extremely important for museums in Ukraine. Not only are these artifacts important to the country's cultural heritage, but they also serve as reminders of its past, present, and future. They can also play a crucial role in the post-war reconstruction process, providing a sense of unity and preserving the population's own identity. In addition, cultural artifacts often have significant economic value, contributing to the development of an important tourism industry. Therefore, museums in Ukraine should make every effort to protect their collections, even during wartime, as they are an invaluable part of Ukraine's national identity and history.

Key words: museum, war, protection of museum institutions, "museum front", artifact.

Language: Ukrainian

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Cite as:

Kliushnychenko, O.V. 2023. Challenges of war for museums in Ukraine. VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

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Zakon Ukrainy «Pro okhoronu arkheolohichnoi spadshchyny» (On the protection of archaeological heritage). Official web portal of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Access mode: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1626-15#Text

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VITA ANTIQUA                                                                                     ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Ihor Hotun¹, Bohdan Havryliuk²
Military and Dual-purpose Items in the Medieval Settlement of Lisnyky-Bezodnia
¹Institute of Archaeology, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
² National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
¹ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9285-5107
²ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4169-7652

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-212-250
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-212-250

ABSTRACT

Weaponry, horseman's, and warhorse's equipment for unfortified settlements were traditionally considered unusual. Only in the last quarter of the XX century, after extensive studies of the villages of southern Rus, a conclusion was made about the parity of relations between cities and their rural environment and about the inherent character of the rural centers of the mentioned category of things. However, recurrences of the old views continue to appear in recent publications, although the essential question seems to be whether the villagers were the subject or object of the use of the found weapons.

New data on this category of findings have recently been obtained due to research on the settlement Lisnyky-Bezodnia in the southern suburbs of Kyiv. The site was discovered in 1991 by V. Petrashenko and V. Koziuba and has been repeatedly examined by the Northern Expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Furthermore, in 2021, excavations were carried out on the site. As a result, several objects were investigated in the horizons of the Kyivan Rus and primitive / paleometal periods, and a representative collection of material from these eras was formed. Small in volume but quite an interesting group of things presenting militaristic and dual-purpose objects.

Five arrowheads belong to the long-range weapons. All of them are petiolate, have analogies among the types common in Kievan Rus, and some – in the adjacent territories, some of them belong to the category of armor-piercing. Another find is identified as an awl. The object resembles an awl-shaped point, which has been repeatedly found in quiver sets, along with other types of arrowheads.

Among the discoveries from the village is a knife, the size of which exceeds the indicators for this category of findings. In the literature, if they did not have a true combat purpose, large knives were proposed to be seen not as universal tools but as hunting weapons.

The rider's equipment is represented by a whole sharp and a fragment of another. Elements of both items have analogies among the materials of the XII – first half of the XIII century. Products do not characterize peasant life; they mark the stay of the elite.

Horse equipment from the settlement – rod of some snaffle and rod with a ring of others. Such finds are not uncommon. Moreover, although they are attributed to the evidence of the presence of war horses, it is logical to consider things as an indicator of the presence of these animals in general without limiting the purpose exclusively to combat clashes, which has already been noted in publications.

In contrast to the previous ones, the other two finds were used for expensive horses, primarily combated ones. We are talking about two sets of metal halters equipped with cylindrical locks. The tendency of these products to the fortified points with representatives of the military-trade state and the lack of data on the fixation of these things on the monuments of rural type indicates the originality of the studied village.

The cases of the detection of such items at other unfortified sites were considered to assess the role and place of the collection of items of the named purpose from the village in the Bezodnia tract in Lisnyky. The obtained data indicate the presence of few weapons and equestrian equipment in the layers of settlements and, at the same time, lead to the statement of cases of concentration of such things in sometimes separated from the main territory areas where other prestigious products are concentrated. The collection from Lisnyky-Bezodnia was gathered in a relatively limited area, not in the center or on the dominant hill. This leads to the conclusion that the partially studied monument presents a rather bright and extraordinary phenomenon and emphasizes the inexhaustibility of information opportunities of medieval village structures..

Key words: Lisnyky-Bezodnia, Kyivan Rus, medieval settlement, arrowheads, spurs, horse.

Language: Ukrainian

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Cite as:

Hotun, I.A., Havrilyuk B.S. 2023. Predmety militarnoho y podviinoho pryznachennia na serednovichnomu poselenni Lisnyky-Bezodnia (Military and dual-purpose Items in the medieval settlement of Lisnyky-Bezodnia). VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

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VITA ANTIQUA                                                               ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)

Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Tyt Volynskiy ¹, Oleksandr Kovalchuk ²
Fishes in the Economy of Ancient Greek Colonies (600 BC – 300 AD) on the Northern Black Sea Coast – new touches to an old portrait
¹Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
²National Museum of Natural History, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
¹ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1744-2371
²ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9545-208X

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-184-210
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-184-210

ABSTRACT

The article presents the results of a thorough study of fish remains recovered during the excavations of three ancient Greek cities (Olbia, Berezan and Chornomorka) in the northern part of the Black Sea coast. These materials are dated in the range of 600 BC – 300 AC (in the case of Olbia and Berezan), and 500–400 BC for Chornomorka. Fish bones were processed for the identification of species used by the inhabitants of these ancient cities for food. The remains of about ten fish species are present in the studied sample. Of them, sturgeons (Acipenser spp.) were the most numerous in the region at that time. The other species which were usually caught in these ancient Greek cities are mostly represented by carp fishes (roach, common bream, white bream, blue bream, common carp, and crucian carp), but also European catfish Silurus glanis, pike Esox lucius, and pikeperch Sander lucioperca. The weight and size of some fish individuals were reconstructed based on complete bones. Comparison of the specimens from individual samples (series) showed no significant differences in their total length and weight.

The economic activity of ancient settlements of the Northern Black Sea region is of interest to archaeologists for a long time. Many of the aspects of this activity, such as agriculture, crafts, and architecture, have been explored quite well (e.g., Christodoulou 2016 and references therein). At the same time, fishery, an important direction of the economy of coastal cities providing a valuable animal protein, often falls out of the scope of research interests. A significant amount of materials collected by archaeologists in the north of the Black Sea coast during the 20^th century is still not processed and remains unpublished. Therefore, it is difficult to create a holistic picture of the economy of ancient Greek cities.

A valuable information about fishing and fish consumption in ancient cities of the Northern Black Sea region according to archaeological data and osteological collections is presented in Lebedev (1960), Zhiteneva (1964), Hojte (2005), Morales et al. (2007) and Odrin (2010). A few recent publications (Katerini 2004; Bylkova & Yanish 2010; Yanish & Antipina 2013; Yanish & Kovalchuk 2013) are focused on the fish osteological material from ancient Greek cities discovered on the Northern Black Sea coast.

Archaeozoological studies can show how important fish was in the diet of people, which species were preferred, and how intensive was fishing in this region in different periods. In addition, it is possible to find out whether there was a fish trade between these cities using the ratio of cranial and postcranial elements of the skeleton. Such studies can prove or disprove the statements of Strabo or Herodotus, who wrote about the culinary preferences of ancient Greeks. Therefore, the aim of this article is to present in detail the results of the study of fish bone samples from Olbia, Berezan and Chornomorka in the range from their formation (600 BC) until the end of the Roman period (300 AC). By comparing data from different periods, it is possible to track the role of fishery in the economy of these settlements and its dynamics over time.

Key words: Olbia, antiquity, Berezan, archaeozoology, fishing, ancient Greeks, Black Sea

Language: English

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Cite as:

Volynskiy, T.P., Kovalchuk, O.M., 2023. Fishes in the economy of Ancient Greek colonies (600 BC – 300 AD) on the Northern Black Sea Coast – new touches to an old portrait. VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

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Živaljević, I., Askeyev, I., Shaymuratova (Galimova), D., Askeyev, O., Monakhov, S., Borić, D., Stefanović, S. 2021. Size estimations of sturgeons (Acipenseridae) from the Mesolithic-Neolithic Danube Gorges, p. 422-427. In Borić, D., Antonović, D. and Mihailović, B. (Eds.), Foraging Assemblages. Vol. 2: Papers Presented at the Ninth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe. Belgrade, Serbian Archaeological Society; New York, The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University.

VITA ANTIQUA                                                                                     ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Roman Gadzalo¹
The Main Concepts of the Origin of the Eneolithic Cultures of the Danube-Carpathian Region on the example of the study of the archeological complexes of the Boian Culture
¹ Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-172-183
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-172-183

ABSTRACT

This article is devoted to the study of the main concepts and theories regarding the origin of the Eneolithic cultures of the Danube-Carpathian region, in particular on the example of the study of the archeological assemblages of the Boian culture. The Boian culture is one of the most famous and detailed cultures of the Eneolithic, which flourished more than 7 thousand years ago. The article examines various concepts that help to establish possible ways of development of Boian culture, its features and interaction with other cultures of that period. The further study of complexes can contribute to a better understanding of the early stages of the development of society in the Danube-Carpathian region and make a significant contribution to the study of the ancient cultures of this region.

Key words: Boian culture, Eneolithic, Danube-Carpathian region, Criş-Starchevo culture, ceramics.

Language: Ukrainian

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Cite as:

Gadzalo, R.R. 2023. Osnovni kontseptsii pokhodzhennia eneolitychnykh kultur Dunaisko-Karpatskoho rehionu na prykladi doslidzhennia arkheolohichnykh kompleksiv kultury Boian (The main concepts of the origin of the Eneolithic cultures of the Danube-Carpathian region on the example of the study of the archeological complexes of the Boian culture). VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

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VITA ANTIQUA                                                                                      ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Alona Karmaza¹
Morphology of Early Hominid Hand in Context of Tool making
¹ Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-162-171
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-162-171

ABSTRACT

This article will focus on morphology of hand early hominids. We already have not many hands fossils, but this evidences can help us to interpret early hominid`s potential of tools making. We will talk about Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus sediba, Paranthropus robustus and Homo habilis.

Early hominid research in Africa began in earnest in the second part of the 20th century, decades after the discovery of the Taung Child by Raymond Dart in 1924. After Dart’s momentous discovery finally gained widespread acceptance, scientists at last came to understand that human ancestry began in Africa rather than the Far East as was previously believed. Unfortunately there are very few carpal bones dating to this formative period of paleoanthropological research. Real interest in the development and implications of hominid hand morphology emerged only after the discovery of stone stools at Lomekwi 3 by Sonia Harmand in the 2010s. The discovery of 3 million year old tools fundamentally altered our understanding of the timeline of human cultural evolution. In addition to raising a number of pressing questions about the origins and definition of the genus Homo, Lomekwi 3 also radically reworked our understanding of the kinds of hand morphologies required for the production of stone tools. This brings us to the central question of this paper, namely, «which morphological features in early hominid hands are potentially indicative of tool making?».

When we are talking about Lomekwi its very important to understand that the stone tools found at the site have not yet been associated with any paleoanthropological remains. Nonetheless, the 3.3 million year old date of the Lomekwi tools calls into question whether or not tool making can be said to be a trait unique to the genus Homo. We will see that by interpreting the carpal bones of the various early hominids present 3.3. million years ago we are forced not only to abandon outmoded assumptions about uniquely Homo traits, but to also reconsider the cognitive and mechanical capabilities of previously underestimated early hominid groups. Our goal is to determine which groups of early hominids may have been capable of producing the Oldowan and Lomekwi toolkits on the basis of functional morphology alone.

Because we don’t find hominid remains holding tools, we need to make educated guesses about who made them. We can look at hand morphology, and its development, to attribute early tools to the particular hominids who may have made them.

Key words: archaeology, paleoanthropology, evolution, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Early hominids.

Language: English

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Cite as:

Karmaza, A.О. 2023. Morphology of early hominid hand in context of tool making. VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

References:

Alba, D.M., Moyà-Solà, S., Köhler, M. 2003. Morphological affinities of the Australopithecus Afarensis hand on the basis of manual proportions and relative thumb length. J . Hum. Evol., 225 - 254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2484(02)00207-5.

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Berger, L.R. et al. 2010. Australopithecus Sediba: A New Species of Homo-Like Australopith from South Africa. Science, Vol 328, Issue 5975, 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184944.

Clarke, R.J. 1999. Discovery of complete arm and hand of the 3.3 million-year-old Australopithecus skeleton from Sterkfontein, S. Afr. J. Sci., 477-480.

Harmand, S., Lewis, J., Feibel, C. et al. 2015. 3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya. Nature, 521, 310–315. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14464.

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Trinkaus, E., Long, J.C. 1990. Species attribution of the Swartkrans member 1 first metacarpals: SK 84 and SKX 5020, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 607-629

VITA ANTIQUA                                                                                     ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Kyrylo Tretiak¹
Stylistic and Aesthetic Transformation of the Historical Buildings of Kyiv Caused by the Destruction during the Second World War
¹Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
¹ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5732-4466

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-140-160
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-140-160

ABSTRACT

The article is about the transformation into historical buildings in Kyiv caused by destruction during the WWII. The author analyses the losses of ruined architectural buildings and objects in 1941-1943, the damages to preserved buildings which have been reconstructed after the war. The architecture of pre-war buildings of Khreshchatyk, Prorizna, Luteranska, Instytutska and other central streets are compared in the article to the post-war architecture of the same streets. The style, the layouts of the streets, the architectural details, the quality of materials and constructions of separate objects are analyzed as well.

The destruction of Kyiv during the World War II with the subsequent reconstruction of the city brought significant changes both in the appearance of entire streets and districts and in the architecture of specific objects of the historical buildings of the central part of the city. The streets that suffered from great destruction were significantly re-planned with a change in the architectural concept. Homestead development according to individual projects was replaced by the complex ensemble development in a single stylistic key. Architectural pathos of post-war buildings as well as entire ensembles have low quality of construction materials and works, which led to the gradual destruction. Regardless of the cultural and historical value of such ensembles as the post-war buildings of Khreschatyk, one can state a certain stylistic monotony, which is significantly inferior to the pre-war architectural diversity of Kyiv.

Most of damaged Kyiv buildings were renovated with loss of architectural and decorative details. Other buildings were reconstructed. Such reconstructions mostly caused the loss of important architectural accents as towers, bay windows, gables and attics. Only a small number of houses were renovated without loss of decoration. Even fewer buildings were restored with reconstruction that improved their architectural expressiveness.

The Second World War caused catastrophic consequences for Kyiv: tens of thousands of Kyivans died or lost their relatives, hundreds of thousands were left homeless, hundreds of buildings and structures were destroyed. But this is not the end of the tragedy of the war for Kyiv. As a result of the destruction of the city, a large-scale reconstruction of its central part was carried out. The complex building in the spirit of a single ensemble, the architecture of which bore clear features of the ideological propaganda of the communist regime was created. We can state the partial loss of architectural authenticity and aesthetics of the city historical buildings. Neither the economic, nor the political, nor the legal systems of the communist regime were able to create higher quality and highly artistic buildings in the conditions of total totalitarianism. In the absence of private ownership of real estate, all buildings of post-war Kyiv were repaired and reconstructed without taking into account their values and aesthetics. As a result, a significant proportion of the rebuilt objects lost a significant part of their decor and were distorted during the construction works.

Key words: WWII, Kyiv, architecture, rebuilding, destruction, reconstruction, transformation, aesthetic.

Language: Ukrainian

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Cite as:

Tretiak, K.O. 2023. Stylistychno-estetychna transformatsiia istorychnoi zabudovy Kyieva vnaslidok ruinuvan pid chas Druhoi svitovoi viiny (Stylistic and aesthetic transformation of the historical buildings of Kyiv caused by the destruction during the Second World War). VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

References:

Damilovskyi, M. 1936. Arhitektura i budivelni materialy/ Socialistychnyi Kyiv, 1936, №6

Giliarov, S. 1936. Arhitektura Kyyeva peredvoyennoyi doby/ Socialistychnyi Kyiv, 1936, №4

Yerofalov-Pilipchak, B. 2010. Arhitektura sovetskogo Kiyeva. Kyiv.

Matushevych, A. 1950. Khreshchatyk. Kyiv.

Kondel-Perminova, N. 2021. Khreshchatyk – komunikator mizh chasamy. Kyiv.

Severov, M. 1952. Problema prostorovoyi kompozytsiyi Khreshchatyka/ Visnyk Akademiyi arhitektury URSR, 1952, №1

Tsentralnyi Derzhavnyi Arhiv-Muzey Literatury i Mystectva Ukrayiny. F. 11, Op. 1, Spr. 356, Ark. 2.

Tsentralnyi Derzhavnyi Arhiv-Muzey Literatury i Mystectva Ukrayiny. F. 11, Op. 1, Spr. 360, Ark. 7-9.

VITA ANTIQUA                                                                                     ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Oleksandra Ivanova¹
Balkan and Ukrainian Experience of Cultural Heritage Protection and Preservation during Military Operations
¹ Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
¹ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7848-3419

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-110-121
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-110-121

ABSTRACT

This essay is devoted to comparing the experiences of countries that have experienced wars on their territories and whose cultural heritage has undergone large-scale destruction. We tried to analyze what steps have been taken for conservation, protection and restoration of heritage in the Balkans and how we can use this experience in Ukraine.

Since Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the impact on the archaeological heritage of Ukraine has been devastating countless precious objects and sites have been damaged or destroyed and museums looted.

This is one of the innumerable aspects of the Russian war, which has direct consequences for the heritage of all mankind, and such consequences have already occurred in the world in the past. During the conflict in the Balkans, during the war in Afghanistan, during the war in Iraq and in Syria.

The task of this work is to take a look on the international legislation of cultural heritage protection, to draw attention to the experience of the Balkan countries in the protection and monitoring of cultural heritage during military operations, compare the foreign experience with the Ukrainian one, understand which methods we can use, and which, on the contrary, are different.

Key words: Balkans, Ukraine, cultural heritage, protection of monuments, war.

Language: English

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Cite as:

Ivanova, O.A. 2023. Balkan and Ukrainian experience of protection and preservation cultural heritage during military operations. VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

References:

International Donors Conference for the Protection and Preservation of Cultural Heritage in Kosovo. Сonsolidated summary. Paris, 2005.

Jan Hladík. The 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and the notion of military necessity.1999. International Review of the Red Cross, No. 835.

Herscher, A., Riedlmayer, A. (2000), “Monument and Crime: The Destruction of Historic Architecture in Kosovo”, Grey Room 1.

Helen Walasek, “Bosnia and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage”, 2018.

Legnér, M. (2018) “Post-confict reconstruction and the heritage process” Journal of Architectural Conservation 24:2, 78–90.

MCIP “1,373 objects of cultural infrastructure have already been damaged because of russian aggression in Ukraine”, 04.04.2023, accessed April 10th, 2023: https://www.mkip.gov.ua/news/8917.html.

“Monitoring of archaeological sites during the war” Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, accessed December 20th, 2022 https://iananu.org.ua/novini/ekspeditsiji/1219-monitoring-arkheologichnikh-ob-ek-tiv-pid-chas-vijni.

Рrotection and Preservation of Cultural Heritage in Kosovo. Consolidated Summary. — http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001395/139567eb.pdf8.

Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Resource https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_001-99#Text.

Shydlovskyi, P.S., Telizhenko, S.A., Ivakin, V.H. 2023. Archaeological Monitoring in War-Torn Ukraine, The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice, https://doi.org/10.1080/17567505.2023.2209835.

Poshkodzhennya kurhannoho mohylʹnyka Boldyni Hory v Chernihovi vnaslidok viyny / Tsentr paleolitychnykh doslidzhenʹ im. Khv. Vovka. Rezhym dostupu: http://vovkcenter.org.ua/uk/2022/12/30/%d0%b1%d0%be%d0%b-b%d0%b4%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%96-%d0%b3%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b8.

Shydlovskyi, P.S., Kornienko, M.V., Ivakin, V.H. (eds.). 2022. Scientific and Practical Seminar ‘PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE OF UKRAINE’ (November 23, 2022, Kyiv, Ukraine: Abstracts. Kyiv: Center for conservation of archaeological objects. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.742447 . [In Ukrainian].

VITA ANTIQUA                                                                                      ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Oleksandr Naumenko¹, Tetiana Radiievska²
Return from nothingness: the curious history of the collection of stone artefacts of the Iskorost site from the excavations of V. Khvoika
¹, ² the National Museum of the History of Ukraine
¹ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3931-603X
²ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8490-7950

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-122-139
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-122-139

ABSTRACT

In the modern realities of the aggressive war started by the russian federation against Ukraine, the problem of preserving museum collections is more relevant than ever. Our essay highlights the history of the collection of stone artefacts from the Iskorost site, which was discovered by V. Khvoika more than 110 years ago and which managed to “survive” a number of extreme events, retaining its scientific and exhibition potential.

The Iskorost site (now Korosten, Zhytomyr Oblast) was discovered in 1911 during V. Khvoika’s research of the mounds near the city of Ovruch and in the Iskorost village. V. Khvoika recorded traces of three hearths surrounded by flint artefacts on the site. He selected approximately 500 stone objects and distributed them between the Imperial russian Archaeological Society (today, these artefacts in the amount of 253 items are stored in the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the russian Academy of Sciences) and the Kyiv Art, Industry and Science Museum (now the National Museum of the History of Ukraine). The total number of artefacts in the Ukrainian part of the collection is 265: 246 come from the excavations of V. Khvoika in 1911, the other 19 possibly from the reconnaissance works of I. Levytskyi, F. Kozubovskyi, and K. Korshak in 1920–1940s.

Until 1936, the materials left in Ukraine were stored in the Archaeological Museum of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, where they were transported from the All-Ukrainian Historical Museum (the name of the Kyiv Art, Industry and Science Museums since 1924). Then this collection became part of the Central Historical Museum. At that time, K. Korshak and T. Teslia worked with this (Ukrainian) part of the collection. 79 artefacts from Iskorost were presented in a new exposition of the “Pre-class Society” department of the Central History Museum (1938–1941).During World War II, the Iskorost collection was moved from the Kyiv-Caves (“Kyiv-Pechersk”) Lavra (where the Central Historical Museum was located) to the building of the former Lenin Museum (now the Kyiv City Teacher’s House). The archaeological collection became the basis for creating an exposition of the Museum of Prehistory and Protohistory. In the autumn of 1943, the materials from the Iskorost were taken to Kraków, and from there were transported to Höchstädt. In 1947, the cultural values moved from Höchstädt to Munich were delivered to the Soviet occupation zone of Berlin and from there to Kyiv. At the beginning of 1948, the experts of the special commission began to inspect collections returned from Germany. This process spanned decades. Because of the difficulties during the identification of museum objects, artefacts of the Iskorost were attributed to collective collections: 29 items to “a3 Volyn”, the majority to “a252 Zhytomyr Polissia”. For some time, it was believed that the only finds from the excavation of V. Khvoika at the site, which have “survived” to this day, are contained in the collection of “a3 Volyn”. Another part of the artefacts from the Iskorost site was identified during the last inventory of the collections.

Key words: Iskorost, Ukrainian Polissia, Vikentii Khvoika, museum collection, history of research..

Language: Ukrainian

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Cite as:

Naumenko, O.O., Radievska, T.M. 2023. Povernutysia z nebuttia: zahadkova istoriia kolektsii kamianykh artefaktiv stoianky Iskorost iz rozkopok V. Khvoiky (Return from nothingness: the curious history of the collection of stone artefacts of the Iskorost site from the excavations of V. Khvoika). VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

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VITA ANTIQUA                                                                                     ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Liliya Kazantseva², Nataliya Pysarevska², Liubov Samoilenko³
University museums and the war in Ukraine
², ³Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
² National Technical University of Ukraine Ihor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-72-92
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-72-92

ABSTRACT

The article is devoted to a preliminary analysis of the activities of university museums in wartime conditions. Since the beginning of the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2014, the system of higher education has undergone significant destruction. In the occupied territories of Luhansk, Donetsk regions and Crimea, the occupation authorities liquidated Ukrainian universities. Our state suffered not only great material losses, but also irreparable losses of a significant part of the cultural heritage accumulated and preserved by university museums.

Despite the unfortunate experience of 2014, university museums were not prepared for a full-scale military invasion. No state body takes care of and purposefully does not provide funds for the maintenance and protection of such museums and their collections. Preservation of national heritage in university museums takes on a spontaneous nature and depends only on the conscious position of the university rector. In a situation of martial law, university museums and their collections in many cases were far from the first in line for attention and evacuation. Often, there was simply not enough time, people and logistical capabilities for this. In fact, all the responsibility for their preservation was voluntarily assumed by the museum workers themselves on the ground.

The lack of a full-fledged legal status, which ensures standards of protection and financing, was also shown. University museums are often not registered and are not accounted for in any way. Today it is not even possible to count how many and which profiles of museums there are in higher school of Ukraine, how they work, what, how and how much they store.

Using the example of the museums of two leading universities in Kyiv, the authors share their own experience of working in wartime conditions and present conclusions regarding the organization of university museology.

Key words: armed aggression of the Russian Federation, education, museum, university.

Language: Ukrainian

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Cite as:

Kazantseva, L.V., Pysarevska, N.V., Samoilenko, L.G. 2023. Universytetski muzei I viina v Ukraiini (University Museums and the War in Ukraine). VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

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Kazanceva L.V. (upor.). 2012. Universytets"ki muzeyi: yevropejs"kyj dosvid ta ukrayins"ka praktyka. Zb. pr. Mizhnar. nauk.-prakt. Konf. (6-7 zhovt. 2011 r., m. Kyyiv). Nizhyn: Vyd-vo NDU imeni Mykoly Hoholya, (In Ukrainian).

Osvita v umovah voennogo stanu. 2022. Informaciyno-analitychnyy zbirnyk.  [online]. Rezhym dostupu: https://mon.gov.ua/storage/app/media/zagalna%20serednya/serpneva-konferencia/2022/Mizhn.serpn.ped.nauk-prakt.konferentsiya/Inform-analityc.zbirn-Osvita.Ukrayiny.v.umovakh.voyennoho.stanu.22.08.2022.pdf , 343 c. (In Ukrainian).

Samoilenko, L. 2016. Osvita v muzei ta muzeina osvita v istorii Kyivskoho universytetu. Visnyk Kyivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni Tarasa Shevchenka, 4 (131), s. 53-61. [online]. Rezhym dostupu: http://www.library.univ.kiev.ua/ukr/host/10.23.10.100/db/ftp/visnyk/istoriya_131_2016.pdf#page=53 . (In Ukrainian).

Samoilenko L.G. 2006. Muzeyi Kyyivskoho nacionalnoho universytetu imeni Tarasa Shevchenka: istoriya, dosvid roboty, perspektyvy rozvytku Visnyk Odeskoho istoryko-krayeznavchoho muzeyu. – Lypen" 2006. – Odesa: Astroprynt, pp. 61-66. [online]. Rezhym dostupu: http://www.history.odessa.ua/publication3/stat11.htm  (In Ukrainian).