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VITA ANTIQUA                                                                                     ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Ihor Hotun¹, Bohdan Havryliuk²
Military and Dual-purpose Items in the Medieval Settlement of Lisnyky-Bezodnia
¹Institute of Archaeology, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
² National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
¹ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9285-5107
²ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4169-7652

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-212-250
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-212-250

ABSTRACT

Weaponry, horseman's, and warhorse's equipment for unfortified settlements were traditionally considered unusual. Only in the last quarter of the XX century, after extensive studies of the villages of southern Rus, a conclusion was made about the parity of relations between cities and their rural environment and about the inherent character of the rural centers of the mentioned category of things. However, recurrences of the old views continue to appear in recent publications, although the essential question seems to be whether the villagers were the subject or object of the use of the found weapons.

New data on this category of findings have recently been obtained due to research on the settlement Lisnyky-Bezodnia in the southern suburbs of Kyiv. The site was discovered in 1991 by V. Petrashenko and V. Koziuba and has been repeatedly examined by the Northern Expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Furthermore, in 2021, excavations were carried out on the site. As a result, several objects were investigated in the horizons of the Kyivan Rus and primitive / paleometal periods, and a representative collection of material from these eras was formed. Small in volume but quite an interesting group of things presenting militaristic and dual-purpose objects.

Five arrowheads belong to the long-range weapons. All of them are petiolate, have analogies among the types common in Kievan Rus, and some – in the adjacent territories, some of them belong to the category of armor-piercing. Another find is identified as an awl. The object resembles an awl-shaped point, which has been repeatedly found in quiver sets, along with other types of arrowheads.

Among the discoveries from the village is a knife, the size of which exceeds the indicators for this category of findings. In the literature, if they did not have a true combat purpose, large knives were proposed to be seen not as universal tools but as hunting weapons.

The rider's equipment is represented by a whole sharp and a fragment of another. Elements of both items have analogies among the materials of the XII – first half of the XIII century. Products do not characterize peasant life; they mark the stay of the elite.

Horse equipment from the settlement – rod of some snaffle and rod with a ring of others. Such finds are not uncommon. Moreover, although they are attributed to the evidence of the presence of war horses, it is logical to consider things as an indicator of the presence of these animals in general without limiting the purpose exclusively to combat clashes, which has already been noted in publications.

In contrast to the previous ones, the other two finds were used for expensive horses, primarily combated ones. We are talking about two sets of metal halters equipped with cylindrical locks. The tendency of these products to the fortified points with representatives of the military-trade state and the lack of data on the fixation of these things on the monuments of rural type indicates the originality of the studied village.

The cases of the detection of such items at other unfortified sites were considered to assess the role and place of the collection of items of the named purpose from the village in the Bezodnia tract in Lisnyky. The obtained data indicate the presence of few weapons and equestrian equipment in the layers of settlements and, at the same time, lead to the statement of cases of concentration of such things in sometimes separated from the main territory areas where other prestigious products are concentrated. The collection from Lisnyky-Bezodnia was gathered in a relatively limited area, not in the center or on the dominant hill. This leads to the conclusion that the partially studied monument presents a rather bright and extraordinary phenomenon and emphasizes the inexhaustibility of information opportunities of medieval village structures..

Key words: Lisnyky-Bezodnia, Kyivan Rus, medieval settlement, arrowheads, spurs, horse.

Language: Ukrainian

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Cite as:

Hotun, I.A., Havrilyuk B.S. 2023. Predmety militarnoho y podviinoho pryznachennia na serednovichnomu poselenni Lisnyky-Bezodnia (Military and dual-purpose Items in the medieval settlement of Lisnyky-Bezodnia). VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

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VITA ANTIQUA                                                               ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)

Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Tyt Volynskiy ¹, Oleksandr Kovalchuk ²
Fishes in the Economy of Ancient Greek Colonies (600 BC – 300 AD) on the Northern Black Sea Coast – new touches to an old portrait
¹Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
²National Museum of Natural History, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
¹ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1744-2371
²ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9545-208X

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-184-210
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-184-210

ABSTRACT

The article presents the results of a thorough study of fish remains recovered during the excavations of three ancient Greek cities (Olbia, Berezan and Chornomorka) in the northern part of the Black Sea coast. These materials are dated in the range of 600 BC – 300 AC (in the case of Olbia and Berezan), and 500–400 BC for Chornomorka. Fish bones were processed for the identification of species used by the inhabitants of these ancient cities for food. The remains of about ten fish species are present in the studied sample. Of them, sturgeons (Acipenser spp.) were the most numerous in the region at that time. The other species which were usually caught in these ancient Greek cities are mostly represented by carp fishes (roach, common bream, white bream, blue bream, common carp, and crucian carp), but also European catfish Silurus glanis, pike Esox lucius, and pikeperch Sander lucioperca. The weight and size of some fish individuals were reconstructed based on complete bones. Comparison of the specimens from individual samples (series) showed no significant differences in their total length and weight.

The economic activity of ancient settlements of the Northern Black Sea region is of interest to archaeologists for a long time. Many of the aspects of this activity, such as agriculture, crafts, and architecture, have been explored quite well (e.g., Christodoulou 2016 and references therein). At the same time, fishery, an important direction of the economy of coastal cities providing a valuable animal protein, often falls out of the scope of research interests. A significant amount of materials collected by archaeologists in the north of the Black Sea coast during the 20^th century is still not processed and remains unpublished. Therefore, it is difficult to create a holistic picture of the economy of ancient Greek cities.

A valuable information about fishing and fish consumption in ancient cities of the Northern Black Sea region according to archaeological data and osteological collections is presented in Lebedev (1960), Zhiteneva (1964), Hojte (2005), Morales et al. (2007) and Odrin (2010). A few recent publications (Katerini 2004; Bylkova & Yanish 2010; Yanish & Antipina 2013; Yanish & Kovalchuk 2013) are focused on the fish osteological material from ancient Greek cities discovered on the Northern Black Sea coast.

Archaeozoological studies can show how important fish was in the diet of people, which species were preferred, and how intensive was fishing in this region in different periods. In addition, it is possible to find out whether there was a fish trade between these cities using the ratio of cranial and postcranial elements of the skeleton. Such studies can prove or disprove the statements of Strabo or Herodotus, who wrote about the culinary preferences of ancient Greeks. Therefore, the aim of this article is to present in detail the results of the study of fish bone samples from Olbia, Berezan and Chornomorka in the range from their formation (600 BC) until the end of the Roman period (300 AC). By comparing data from different periods, it is possible to track the role of fishery in the economy of these settlements and its dynamics over time.

Key words: Olbia, antiquity, Berezan, archaeozoology, fishing, ancient Greeks, Black Sea

Language: English

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Cite as:

Volynskiy, T.P., Kovalchuk, O.M., 2023. Fishes in the economy of Ancient Greek colonies (600 BC – 300 AD) on the Northern Black Sea Coast – new touches to an old portrait. VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

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Odrin, A.V. 2010. Fishing in the Bosporus in pre-Roman times, p. 332-335. In: Bosporan Readings. Cimmerian Bosporus and barbarian world in the period of antiquity and the Middle Ages. 11. Crafts and trades. Kerch (in Russian).

Okgerman, H., Mahmut E., Atasagun, S. 2012. The growth and reproduction of white bream (Blicca bjoerkna L. 1758) in an oligo-mesotrophic lake in northwest Anatolia (Sapanca, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Biology, 36 (1), 15. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1012-157.

Pérez-Bote, J.L., Roso, R. 2012. Growth and length–weight relationships of Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Alcántara Reservoir, south-western Spain: comparison with other water bodies in Eurasia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 28, p. 264-268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01918.x.

Radke, R.J., Petzold, T., Wolter, C. 2000. Suitability of pharyngeal bone measures commonly used for reconstruction of prey fish length. Journal of Fish Biology, 57, p. 961-967. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02204.x.

Rаdu, V. 2005. Atlas for the identification of bony fish bones from archaeological sites. Bucureşti, Contrast.

Shuman, L.A., Selyukov, A.G., Nekrasov, I.S., Elifanov, A.V., Yurchenko, V.V. Data on length-weight and length-length relationships, mean condition factor, and gonadosomatic index of Rutilus rutilus and Perca fluviatilis from the Ob River basin, Western Siberia. Data Brief, 42, 108067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108067.

Tarkan, A.S., Gursoy Gaygusuz, C., Gaygusuz, Ö., Acipinar, H. 2007. Use of bone and otolith measures for size-estimation of fish in predator-prey studies. Folia Zoologica, 56 (3), p. 328-336.

Thieren, E. Wouters, W., Van Neer, W. 2015. Guide for the identification of archaeological sea sturgeon (Acipenser sturio and A. oxyrinchus) remains. Cybium, 39, p. 175-192. https://doi.org/10.26028/cybium/2015-393-002.

Vilizzi, L., Tarkan, A., Ekmekçi, \ F. 2013. Stock characteristics and management insights for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Anatolia: a review of weight-length relationships and condition factors. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13, p. 759-775. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_22.

Yanish, Ye.Yu., Antipina, E. 2013. Commercial fish from ancient Olbia (1-3rd centuries AD) and its neighborhood. Zoological journal, 92 (9), p. 1190–1200 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.7868/S0044513413090195.

Yanish, Y., Kovalchuk, A.N. 2013. Reconstruction of the body length and weight of commercial fishes on materials from archaeological excavations of the settlement on Berezan island (VI–V cent. BC). p. 735-736. In: VIII All-Russian meeting on the study of the Quaternary period: Fundamental problems of the Quaternary, the results of the study and the main directions for further research. Rostov-on-Don, Publishing house of SSC RAS (in Russian).

Zhiteneva, L.D. 1964. Promyslovaya fauna ryb i rybolovstvo basseyna Chernogo morya po arkheologicheskim materialam [Commercial fish fauna and fisheries in the Black Sea basin based on archaeological materials]. Thesis for obtaining a scientific degree of Candidate of Biological Science. Moscow, Moscow State University (in Russian).

Živaljević, I., Askeyev, I., Shaymuratova (Galimova), D., Askeyev, O., Monakhov, S., Borić, D., Stefanović, S. 2021. Size estimations of sturgeons (Acipenseridae) from the Mesolithic-Neolithic Danube Gorges, p. 422-427. In Borić, D., Antonović, D. and Mihailović, B. (Eds.), Foraging Assemblages. Vol. 2: Papers Presented at the Ninth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe. Belgrade, Serbian Archaeological Society; New York, The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University.

VITA ANTIQUA                                                                                     ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Roman Gadzalo¹
The Main Concepts of the Origin of the Eneolithic Cultures of the Danube-Carpathian Region on the example of the study of the archeological complexes of the Boian Culture
¹ Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-172-183
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-172-183

ABSTRACT

This article is devoted to the study of the main concepts and theories regarding the origin of the Eneolithic cultures of the Danube-Carpathian region, in particular on the example of the study of the archeological assemblages of the Boian culture. The Boian culture is one of the most famous and detailed cultures of the Eneolithic, which flourished more than 7 thousand years ago. The article examines various concepts that help to establish possible ways of development of Boian culture, its features and interaction with other cultures of that period. The further study of complexes can contribute to a better understanding of the early stages of the development of society in the Danube-Carpathian region and make a significant contribution to the study of the ancient cultures of this region.

Key words: Boian culture, Eneolithic, Danube-Carpathian region, Criş-Starchevo culture, ceramics.

Language: Ukrainian

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Gadzalo, R.R. 2023. Osnovni kontseptsii pokhodzhennia eneolitychnykh kultur Dunaisko-Karpatskoho rehionu na prykladi doslidzhennia arkheolohichnykh kompleksiv kultury Boian (The main concepts of the origin of the Eneolithic cultures of the Danube-Carpathian region on the example of the study of the archeological complexes of the Boian culture). VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

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Biagi, P., Spartano, M.P. 2005. New Observations on the Radiocarbon Chronology of the Starèevo-Cris and Körös Cultures. In: Nikolova, L. and Higgins, J. (eds.). Prehistoric Archaeology & Anthropological Theory and Education. Reports of Prehistoric Research Projects, 6-7, Salt Lake City & Karlovo.

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Arutyunov, S.A. 2016. Étnycheskye osobennosty klassovoy épokhy. Étnos v klassovom y ranneklassovom obshchestve. Sankt-Peterburh: Aleteyya, 534 s.

Subotin, L.V. 1983. Pam’yatky kulʹtury Humelʹnytsi Pivdenno-Zakhidnoyi Ukrayiny. Kyyiv, 467 s.

VITA ANTIQUA                                                                                      ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Alona Karmaza¹
Morphology of Early Hominid Hand in Context of Tool making
¹ Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-162-171
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-162-171

ABSTRACT

This article will focus on morphology of hand early hominids. We already have not many hands fossils, but this evidences can help us to interpret early hominid`s potential of tools making. We will talk about Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus sediba, Paranthropus robustus and Homo habilis.

Early hominid research in Africa began in earnest in the second part of the 20th century, decades after the discovery of the Taung Child by Raymond Dart in 1924. After Dart’s momentous discovery finally gained widespread acceptance, scientists at last came to understand that human ancestry began in Africa rather than the Far East as was previously believed. Unfortunately there are very few carpal bones dating to this formative period of paleoanthropological research. Real interest in the development and implications of hominid hand morphology emerged only after the discovery of stone stools at Lomekwi 3 by Sonia Harmand in the 2010s. The discovery of 3 million year old tools fundamentally altered our understanding of the timeline of human cultural evolution. In addition to raising a number of pressing questions about the origins and definition of the genus Homo, Lomekwi 3 also radically reworked our understanding of the kinds of hand morphologies required for the production of stone tools. This brings us to the central question of this paper, namely, «which morphological features in early hominid hands are potentially indicative of tool making?».

When we are talking about Lomekwi its very important to understand that the stone tools found at the site have not yet been associated with any paleoanthropological remains. Nonetheless, the 3.3 million year old date of the Lomekwi tools calls into question whether or not tool making can be said to be a trait unique to the genus Homo. We will see that by interpreting the carpal bones of the various early hominids present 3.3. million years ago we are forced not only to abandon outmoded assumptions about uniquely Homo traits, but to also reconsider the cognitive and mechanical capabilities of previously underestimated early hominid groups. Our goal is to determine which groups of early hominids may have been capable of producing the Oldowan and Lomekwi toolkits on the basis of functional morphology alone.

Because we don’t find hominid remains holding tools, we need to make educated guesses about who made them. We can look at hand morphology, and its development, to attribute early tools to the particular hominids who may have made them.

Key words: archaeology, paleoanthropology, evolution, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Early hominids.

Language: English

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Cite as:

Karmaza, A.О. 2023. Morphology of early hominid hand in context of tool making. VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

References:

Alba, D.M., Moyà-Solà, S., Köhler, M. 2003. Morphological affinities of the Australopithecus Afarensis hand on the basis of manual proportions and relative thumb length. J . Hum. Evol., 225 - 254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2484(02)00207-5.

Alemseged, Z. et al. 2006. Supplementary Information for ‘A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia. Nature, Volume 51, Issue 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05047.

Berger, L.R. et al. 2010. Australopithecus Sediba: A New Species of Homo-Like Australopith from South Africa. Science, Vol 328, Issue 5975, 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184944.

Clarke, R.J. 1999. Discovery of complete arm and hand of the 3.3 million-year-old Australopithecus skeleton from Sterkfontein, S. Afr. J. Sci., 477-480.

Harmand, S., Lewis, J., Feibel, C. et al. 2015. 3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya. Nature, 521, 310–315. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14464.

Kibii, J.M., Clarke, R.J., Tocheri, M.W. 2011. A hominin scaphoid from Sterkfontein, Member 4: Morphological description and first comparative phenetic 3D analyses. Journal of Human Evolution, 61(4), 510–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.06.001.

Kivell T.L., Kibii J.M., Churchill, S.E., Schmid, P., Berger, L.R. 2011. Australopithecus Sediba hand demonstrates mosaic evolution of locomotor and manipulative abilities, Science, Vol. 333, Issue 6048, 1411-1417. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1202625.

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Napier, J. 1962. Fossil hand bones from Olduvai Gorge, Nature, 196, 409-411. https://doi.org/10.1038/196409a0

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Ricklan, D.E. 1987. Functional anatomy of the hand of Australopithecus Africanus, J. Hum. Evol., Vol. 16, Issues 7–8, 643-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(87)90018-2.

Susman, R.L., Creel, N. 1979. Functional and morphological affinities of the subadult hand (O.H. 7) from Olduvai Gorge, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., Vol. 51, Issue 3, 311-331. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330510303.

Trinkaus, E., Long, J.C. 1990. Species attribution of the Swartkrans member 1 first metacarpals: SK 84 and SKX 5020, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 607-629

VITA ANTIQUA                                                                                     ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Kyrylo Tretiak¹
Stylistic and Aesthetic Transformation of the Historical Buildings of Kyiv Caused by the Destruction during the Second World War
¹Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
¹ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5732-4466

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-140-160
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-140-160

ABSTRACT

The article is about the transformation into historical buildings in Kyiv caused by destruction during the WWII. The author analyses the losses of ruined architectural buildings and objects in 1941-1943, the damages to preserved buildings which have been reconstructed after the war. The architecture of pre-war buildings of Khreshchatyk, Prorizna, Luteranska, Instytutska and other central streets are compared in the article to the post-war architecture of the same streets. The style, the layouts of the streets, the architectural details, the quality of materials and constructions of separate objects are analyzed as well.

The destruction of Kyiv during the World War II with the subsequent reconstruction of the city brought significant changes both in the appearance of entire streets and districts and in the architecture of specific objects of the historical buildings of the central part of the city. The streets that suffered from great destruction were significantly re-planned with a change in the architectural concept. Homestead development according to individual projects was replaced by the complex ensemble development in a single stylistic key. Architectural pathos of post-war buildings as well as entire ensembles have low quality of construction materials and works, which led to the gradual destruction. Regardless of the cultural and historical value of such ensembles as the post-war buildings of Khreschatyk, one can state a certain stylistic monotony, which is significantly inferior to the pre-war architectural diversity of Kyiv.

Most of damaged Kyiv buildings were renovated with loss of architectural and decorative details. Other buildings were reconstructed. Such reconstructions mostly caused the loss of important architectural accents as towers, bay windows, gables and attics. Only a small number of houses were renovated without loss of decoration. Even fewer buildings were restored with reconstruction that improved their architectural expressiveness.

The Second World War caused catastrophic consequences for Kyiv: tens of thousands of Kyivans died or lost their relatives, hundreds of thousands were left homeless, hundreds of buildings and structures were destroyed. But this is not the end of the tragedy of the war for Kyiv. As a result of the destruction of the city, a large-scale reconstruction of its central part was carried out. The complex building in the spirit of a single ensemble, the architecture of which bore clear features of the ideological propaganda of the communist regime was created. We can state the partial loss of architectural authenticity and aesthetics of the city historical buildings. Neither the economic, nor the political, nor the legal systems of the communist regime were able to create higher quality and highly artistic buildings in the conditions of total totalitarianism. In the absence of private ownership of real estate, all buildings of post-war Kyiv were repaired and reconstructed without taking into account their values and aesthetics. As a result, a significant proportion of the rebuilt objects lost a significant part of their decor and were distorted during the construction works.

Key words: WWII, Kyiv, architecture, rebuilding, destruction, reconstruction, transformation, aesthetic.

Language: Ukrainian

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Tretiak, K.O. 2023. Stylistychno-estetychna transformatsiia istorychnoi zabudovy Kyieva vnaslidok ruinuvan pid chas Druhoi svitovoi viiny (Stylistic and aesthetic transformation of the historical buildings of Kyiv caused by the destruction during the Second World War). VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

References:

Damilovskyi, M. 1936. Arhitektura i budivelni materialy/ Socialistychnyi Kyiv, 1936, №6

Giliarov, S. 1936. Arhitektura Kyyeva peredvoyennoyi doby/ Socialistychnyi Kyiv, 1936, №4

Yerofalov-Pilipchak, B. 2010. Arhitektura sovetskogo Kiyeva. Kyiv.

Matushevych, A. 1950. Khreshchatyk. Kyiv.

Kondel-Perminova, N. 2021. Khreshchatyk – komunikator mizh chasamy. Kyiv.

Severov, M. 1952. Problema prostorovoyi kompozytsiyi Khreshchatyka/ Visnyk Akademiyi arhitektury URSR, 1952, №1

Tsentralnyi Derzhavnyi Arhiv-Muzey Literatury i Mystectva Ukrayiny. F. 11, Op. 1, Spr. 356, Ark. 2.

Tsentralnyi Derzhavnyi Arhiv-Muzey Literatury i Mystectva Ukrayiny. F. 11, Op. 1, Spr. 360, Ark. 7-9.

VITA ANTIQUA                                                                                     ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Oleksandra Ivanova¹
Balkan and Ukrainian Experience of Cultural Heritage Protection and Preservation during Military Operations
¹ Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
¹ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7848-3419

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-110-121
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-110-121

ABSTRACT

This essay is devoted to comparing the experiences of countries that have experienced wars on their territories and whose cultural heritage has undergone large-scale destruction. We tried to analyze what steps have been taken for conservation, protection and restoration of heritage in the Balkans and how we can use this experience in Ukraine.

Since Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the impact on the archaeological heritage of Ukraine has been devastating countless precious objects and sites have been damaged or destroyed and museums looted.

This is one of the innumerable aspects of the Russian war, which has direct consequences for the heritage of all mankind, and such consequences have already occurred in the world in the past. During the conflict in the Balkans, during the war in Afghanistan, during the war in Iraq and in Syria.

The task of this work is to take a look on the international legislation of cultural heritage protection, to draw attention to the experience of the Balkan countries in the protection and monitoring of cultural heritage during military operations, compare the foreign experience with the Ukrainian one, understand which methods we can use, and which, on the contrary, are different.

Key words: Balkans, Ukraine, cultural heritage, protection of monuments, war.

Language: English

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Cite as:

Ivanova, O.A. 2023. Balkan and Ukrainian experience of protection and preservation cultural heritage during military operations. VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

References:

International Donors Conference for the Protection and Preservation of Cultural Heritage in Kosovo. Сonsolidated summary. Paris, 2005.

Jan Hladík. The 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and the notion of military necessity.1999. International Review of the Red Cross, No. 835.

Herscher, A., Riedlmayer, A. (2000), “Monument and Crime: The Destruction of Historic Architecture in Kosovo”, Grey Room 1.

Helen Walasek, “Bosnia and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage”, 2018.

Legnér, M. (2018) “Post-confict reconstruction and the heritage process” Journal of Architectural Conservation 24:2, 78–90.

MCIP “1,373 objects of cultural infrastructure have already been damaged because of russian aggression in Ukraine”, 04.04.2023, accessed April 10th, 2023: https://www.mkip.gov.ua/news/8917.html.

“Monitoring of archaeological sites during the war” Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, accessed December 20th, 2022 https://iananu.org.ua/novini/ekspeditsiji/1219-monitoring-arkheologichnikh-ob-ek-tiv-pid-chas-vijni.

Рrotection and Preservation of Cultural Heritage in Kosovo. Consolidated Summary. — http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001395/139567eb.pdf8.

Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Resource https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_001-99#Text.

Shydlovskyi, P.S., Telizhenko, S.A., Ivakin, V.H. 2023. Archaeological Monitoring in War-Torn Ukraine, The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice, https://doi.org/10.1080/17567505.2023.2209835.

Poshkodzhennya kurhannoho mohylʹnyka Boldyni Hory v Chernihovi vnaslidok viyny / Tsentr paleolitychnykh doslidzhenʹ im. Khv. Vovka. Rezhym dostupu: http://vovkcenter.org.ua/uk/2022/12/30/%d0%b1%d0%be%d0%b-b%d0%b4%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%96-%d0%b3%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b8.

Shydlovskyi, P.S., Kornienko, M.V., Ivakin, V.H. (eds.). 2022. Scientific and Practical Seminar ‘PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE OF UKRAINE’ (November 23, 2022, Kyiv, Ukraine: Abstracts. Kyiv: Center for conservation of archaeological objects. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.742447 . [In Ukrainian].

VITA ANTIQUA                                                                                      ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Oleksandr Naumenko¹, Tetiana Radiievska²
Return from nothingness: the curious history of the collection of stone artefacts of the Iskorost site from the excavations of V. Khvoika
¹, ² the National Museum of the History of Ukraine
¹ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3931-603X
²ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8490-7950

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-122-139
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-122-139

ABSTRACT

In the modern realities of the aggressive war started by the russian federation against Ukraine, the problem of preserving museum collections is more relevant than ever. Our essay highlights the history of the collection of stone artefacts from the Iskorost site, which was discovered by V. Khvoika more than 110 years ago and which managed to “survive” a number of extreme events, retaining its scientific and exhibition potential.

The Iskorost site (now Korosten, Zhytomyr Oblast) was discovered in 1911 during V. Khvoika’s research of the mounds near the city of Ovruch and in the Iskorost village. V. Khvoika recorded traces of three hearths surrounded by flint artefacts on the site. He selected approximately 500 stone objects and distributed them between the Imperial russian Archaeological Society (today, these artefacts in the amount of 253 items are stored in the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the russian Academy of Sciences) and the Kyiv Art, Industry and Science Museum (now the National Museum of the History of Ukraine). The total number of artefacts in the Ukrainian part of the collection is 265: 246 come from the excavations of V. Khvoika in 1911, the other 19 possibly from the reconnaissance works of I. Levytskyi, F. Kozubovskyi, and K. Korshak in 1920–1940s.

Until 1936, the materials left in Ukraine were stored in the Archaeological Museum of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, where they were transported from the All-Ukrainian Historical Museum (the name of the Kyiv Art, Industry and Science Museums since 1924). Then this collection became part of the Central Historical Museum. At that time, K. Korshak and T. Teslia worked with this (Ukrainian) part of the collection. 79 artefacts from Iskorost were presented in a new exposition of the “Pre-class Society” department of the Central History Museum (1938–1941).During World War II, the Iskorost collection was moved from the Kyiv-Caves (“Kyiv-Pechersk”) Lavra (where the Central Historical Museum was located) to the building of the former Lenin Museum (now the Kyiv City Teacher’s House). The archaeological collection became the basis for creating an exposition of the Museum of Prehistory and Protohistory. In the autumn of 1943, the materials from the Iskorost were taken to Kraków, and from there were transported to Höchstädt. In 1947, the cultural values moved from Höchstädt to Munich were delivered to the Soviet occupation zone of Berlin and from there to Kyiv. At the beginning of 1948, the experts of the special commission began to inspect collections returned from Germany. This process spanned decades. Because of the difficulties during the identification of museum objects, artefacts of the Iskorost were attributed to collective collections: 29 items to “a3 Volyn”, the majority to “a252 Zhytomyr Polissia”. For some time, it was believed that the only finds from the excavation of V. Khvoika at the site, which have “survived” to this day, are contained in the collection of “a3 Volyn”. Another part of the artefacts from the Iskorost site was identified during the last inventory of the collections.

Key words: Iskorost, Ukrainian Polissia, Vikentii Khvoika, museum collection, history of research..

Language: Ukrainian

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Naumenko, O.O., Radievska, T.M. 2023. Povernutysia z nebuttia: zahadkova istoriia kolektsii kamianykh artefaktiv stoianky Iskorost iz rozkopok V. Khvoiky (Return from nothingness: the curious history of the collection of stone artefacts of the Iskorost site from the excavations of V. Khvoika). VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

References:

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Kovtaniuk, N., Shovkoplias, H. 1999. Skarbnytsia istorychnoi pam’iati Ukrainy Kyivska starovyna, 4, s. 63–80.

Kozlovska, V. 1936. Kratkie svedeniia ob osnovnykh kompleksakh eksponatov byvshego Arkheologicheskogo muzeia VUAN, kabineta antropologii VUAN, voshedshikh odnovremenno s dokumentami v sostav Tsentralnogo istoricheskogo muzeia k 1936 godu. Naukovyi arkhiv NMIU, f. R–1260, op.1-d, od. zb. 28-a, s. 1–53.

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Korshak, K. 1930a. Paleolitychna statsiia v m. Iskorosti. V: Kozlovska, V. (red.). Khronika arkheolohii ta mystetstv. Chastyna 2. Kyiv: Misklit, s. 7–21.

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Naumenko, O. O., Radiievska, T. M. 2022. The Iskorost Site and its Place in the Stone Age of Ukraine: Historiographical, Typological and Technological Aspects. Arheologia, 3, p. 88–112. https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.03.088 (in Ukrainian).

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Sorokina, S. A., Kostiuk, I. O. 2010. Posudyny zi svastykamy zrubnoi kultury u kolektsii NMIU. V: 20 rokiv nezalezhnosti Ukrainy. Tematychnyi zbirnyk naukovykh prats. Kyiv: Taki spravy, s. 81–87.

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Fettikh, N. 2004. Kyivskyi shchodennyk (3. XII. 1941–19. I. 1942). Kyiv, 168 s.

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Khlopachev, G. A. 2016. Muzei antropologii i etnografii — krupneishii sobiratel drevnostei kamennogo veka: istoriia i osobennosti formirovaniia kollektsionnogo fonda. V: Khlopachev, G. A. (otv. red). Verkhnii paleolit: obrazy, simvoly, znaki. Sankt-Peterburg: Ekstraprint, s. 12–45.

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Skutil, J. 1928. Ossarynce und Iskorost, zwei paläolithische Stationen in Osteuropa (Ukraine). Eiszeit und Urgeschichte, T. 5, s. 46–48.

VITA ANTIQUA                                                                                     ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Liliya Kazantseva², Nataliya Pysarevska², Liubov Samoilenko³
University museums and the war in Ukraine
², ³Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
² National Technical University of Ukraine Ihor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-72-92
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-72-92

ABSTRACT

The article is devoted to a preliminary analysis of the activities of university museums in wartime conditions. Since the beginning of the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2014, the system of higher education has undergone significant destruction. In the occupied territories of Luhansk, Donetsk regions and Crimea, the occupation authorities liquidated Ukrainian universities. Our state suffered not only great material losses, but also irreparable losses of a significant part of the cultural heritage accumulated and preserved by university museums.

Despite the unfortunate experience of 2014, university museums were not prepared for a full-scale military invasion. No state body takes care of and purposefully does not provide funds for the maintenance and protection of such museums and their collections. Preservation of national heritage in university museums takes on a spontaneous nature and depends only on the conscious position of the university rector. In a situation of martial law, university museums and their collections in many cases were far from the first in line for attention and evacuation. Often, there was simply not enough time, people and logistical capabilities for this. In fact, all the responsibility for their preservation was voluntarily assumed by the museum workers themselves on the ground.

The lack of a full-fledged legal status, which ensures standards of protection and financing, was also shown. University museums are often not registered and are not accounted for in any way. Today it is not even possible to count how many and which profiles of museums there are in higher school of Ukraine, how they work, what, how and how much they store.

Using the example of the museums of two leading universities in Kyiv, the authors share their own experience of working in wartime conditions and present conclusions regarding the organization of university museology.

Key words: armed aggression of the Russian Federation, education, museum, university.

Language: Ukrainian

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Cite as:

Kazantseva, L.V., Pysarevska, N.V., Samoilenko, L.G. 2023. Universytetski muzei I viina v Ukraiini (University Museums and the War in Ukraine). VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

References:

Kazanceva L.V. (upor.). 2012. Universytets"ki muzeyi: yevropejs"kyj dosvid ta ukrayins"ka praktyka. Zb. pr. Mizhnar. nauk.-prakt. Konf. (6-7 zhovt. 2011 r., m. Kyyiv). Nizhyn: Vyd-vo NDU imeni Mykoly Hoholya, (In Ukrainian).

Osvita v umovah voennogo stanu. 2022. Informaciyno-analitychnyy zbirnyk.  [online]. Rezhym dostupu: https://mon.gov.ua/storage/app/media/zagalna%20serednya/serpneva-konferencia/2022/Mizhn.serpn.ped.nauk-prakt.konferentsiya/Inform-analityc.zbirn-Osvita.Ukrayiny.v.umovakh.voyennoho.stanu.22.08.2022.pdf , 343 c. (In Ukrainian).

Samoilenko, L. 2016. Osvita v muzei ta muzeina osvita v istorii Kyivskoho universytetu. Visnyk Kyivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni Tarasa Shevchenka, 4 (131), s. 53-61. [online]. Rezhym dostupu: http://www.library.univ.kiev.ua/ukr/host/10.23.10.100/db/ftp/visnyk/istoriya_131_2016.pdf#page=53 . (In Ukrainian).

Samoilenko L.G. 2006. Muzeyi Kyyivskoho nacionalnoho universytetu imeni Tarasa Shevchenka: istoriya, dosvid roboty, perspektyvy rozvytku Visnyk Odeskoho istoryko-krayeznavchoho muzeyu. – Lypen" 2006. – Odesa: Astroprynt, pp. 61-66. [online]. Rezhym dostupu: http://www.history.odessa.ua/publication3/stat11.htm  (In Ukrainian).

VITA ANTIQUA                                                                                     ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Serhii Telizhenko¹
The War in Ukraine: new challenges for archaeology
¹Insitute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
¹ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1677-4900

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-24-35
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-24-35

ABSTRACT

As a result of the Russian aggression, which began in 2014, hundreds, if not thousands, of cultural heritage sites were destroyed or damaged to one degree or another. Against this background, the objects of archaeological heritage, which include settlements, hillforts, barrows, burial mounds (kurgans), etc., stand out. Work on collecting information on damaged archaeological sites began back in 2014. In 2016, after a monitoring mission to study the state of archaeological heritage in the war zone within the territory of Luhansk region, information began to be collected somewhat more actively. Starting from February 2022, when even more Ukrainian territory was subjected to military action, even more archaeological heritage sites were damaged or completely destroyed. Identification and analysis of cases related to the destructive impact of the war on the archaeological heritage is the main task for the near future. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop methodological recommendations. The publication proposes the allocation of three conditional groups of locations of archaeological heritage objects:

group A - objects in the zone of cessation of hostilities or in the zone of active hostilities in the unoccupied territory (controlled by Ukraine);

group B - objects in the zone close to the front line, military operations were not carried out, but archaeological objects were damaged by the military (territory controlled by Ukraine);

Group C - objects in the zone where hostilities are no longer taking place, or in the zone of active military operations in the occupied territory.

Given the existing information, a preliminary typology of the nature of damage to archaeological heritage objects was developed, which includes 6 items:

• Mounds with partially destroyed embankments as a result of shelling (presence of ruptures from explosions);
• Mounds damaged as a result of the arrangement of protective structures/support and observation point or firing points with the help of machinery or hand tools;
• Settlements, hillforts, and ground necropolis, on the day surface of which there are ruptures from explosions (the integrity of the object is damaged);
• Settlements, hillforts, and ground necropolis that were damaged or destroyed as a result of the construction of protective structures;
• Mined areas;
• Areas with objects of archaeological heritage allocated for large-scale construction of military infrastructure (Crimean Peninsula). The construction of civil infrastructure in the occupied territories is a topic for a separate study.

In all cases, the degree of damage is indicated separately. The possibility of supplementing or correcting the data is not excluded, since the research process is at the stage of development. It also offers 4 ways of obtaining information about the facts of the destruction of archaeological heritage sites, including private messages, monitoring of social networks and specialized forums, visual monitoring, and research of satellite images.

Language:

Ukrainian

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Cite as:

Telizhenko, S. 2023. Viina v Ukraini: novi vyklyky dlia arkheolohii (The War in Ukraine: new challenges for archaeology). VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

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Bida, O.A., Blaha, A.B., Koval, D.O., Martynenko, O.A., Statkevych, M.H. 2016. Zi shchytom chy na shchyti? Zakhyst kulturnykh tsinnostei v umovakh zbroinoho konfliktu na skhodi Ukrainy. [With a Shield or on a Shield? Protection of Cultural Values in the Conditions of Armed Conflict in the East of Ukraine]. Ukrainska Helsinska spilka z prav liudyny [Ukrainian Helsinki Union for Human Rights]. Kyiv: KYT. 72 s., https://helsinki.org.ua/publications/zi-schytom-chy-na-schyti-zahyst-kulturnyh-tsinnostej-v-umovah-zbrojnoho-konfliktu-na-chodi-ukrajiny/.

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Telizhenko, S.A. 2020. Arkheolohichni Pam’iatky i Viina [Archaeological Sites and the War]. Kyiv: Spilka arkheolohiv Ukrainy [Union of Archaeologists of Ukraine], (in Ukrainian), https://www.academia.edu/77162779/.

Telizhenko, S.A., Hardy, S. 2019. Video Report Arkheolohiia na Okupovanykh Terytoriiakh ta u Zonakh Zbroinykh Konfliktiv [Archeology in Occupied Territories and Zones of Armed Conflicts], http://www.vgosau.kiev.ua/novyny/arkheolohichna-spadshyna-na-okupovanykh-terytotiyakh/990-telizhenko-khardi.

Telizhenko, S. 2016. Monitoring Archaeological Sites & Monuments in a War Zone. http://rmchapple.blogspot.com/2016/07/monitoring-archaeological-sites.html

Shydlovskyi, P.S., Telizhenko, S.A., Ivakin, V.H. 2023. Archaeological Monitoring in War-Torn Ukraine, The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice, https://doi.org/10.1080/17567505.2023.2209835.

Telizhenko, S. 2016. Monitoring Archaeological Sites & Monuments in a War Zone. http://rmchapple.blogspot.com/2016/07/monitoring-archaeological-sites.html.

VITA ANTIQUA                                                                                     ISSN 2522-9419 (Online), 2519-4542 (Print)
Center for Paleoethnological Research
VITA ANTIQUA 14, 2023, CULTURE HERITAGE AND THE WAR : CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Alla Bujskikh¹, Vsevolod Ivakin², Pavlo Shydlovskyi³, Ivan Zotsenko⁴
Archaeological Sites During the War: field experience and legal aspect (on the example of the Archaeological Monitoring Expedition works in Kyiv and Kyiv region in 2022)
¹, ², ⁴ Insitute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
³Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
¹ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7233-1288
²ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0074-1963
³ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6771-812X
⁴ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8517-7101

DOI: 10.37098/VA-2023-14-36-59
https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2023-14-36-59

ABSTRACT

The issue of recording the damage caused to cultural heritage as a result of unprovoked aggression of the Russian Federation is extremely relevant. The process of monitoring the destruction of objects takes place both at the state level and thanks to the activities of civil initiatives. However, at the present stage, the analysis of losses focuses mainly on objects of architecture, monumental art and religious buildings. On the other hand, recording the destruction of archaeological sites, due to certain features, faces significant difficulties. This situation is related to the unrevealed state of the archaeological objects themselves, the detection of which is possible due to significant landscape transformations. Among the main factors that make it difficult to record the loss of archaeological heritage, the following should be mentioned: problems related to the accounting of archeology objects, issues of limited remote and direct access to sites in the de-occupied and front-line territories, immediate risks to life and health when conducting field research.

In order to solve problems in the field of documenting damage to the archaeological heritage, representatives of a number of domestic scientific, educational and museum institutions created an interdisciplinary Archaeological Landscapes Monitoring Group, whose task is to record losses at archaeological sites. Currently, the work of the group is carried out in the territories of Kyiv and Chernihiv regions within the framework of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) project 'Ukrainian Archaeological Heritage, threatened by war: saving and protection'. One of the conclusions obtained during the work of the Group was the understanding of the need for direct field studies of destroyed areas of landscapes, given the limited use of remote methods of studying and the need for production site-protection documentation, which provides for the cultural and chronological attribution of objects.

The article provides a brief summary of the Group's work in Kyiv region and analyzes the compliance of monitoring activities with international standards. One of the conclusions of the proposed study is the statement about the need for a long-term state program for compiling the archaeological cadastre of Ukraine. The crisis in the archaeological heritage accounting system and the existing need to record losses in the field of archaeology during the war allows to restart the system of sites registering at a modern level and with the use of international experience.

Key words: cultural heritage, archaeological monitoring, recording of damages, war, archaeological landscape, accounting of sites.

Language: Ukrainian

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Cite as:

Bujskikh, A.V., Ivakin, V.H., Shydlovskyi, P.S., Zotsenko, I.V. 2023. Pamiatky arkheolohii pid chas viiny: polovyi dosvid ta yurydychnyi aspekt (na prykladi robit MAE u m. Kyievi ta Kyivskii oblasti u 2022 r.) [Archaeological Sites During the War: field experience and legal aspect (on the example of the Archaeological Monitoring Expedition works in Kyiv and Kyiv region in 2022)]. VITA ANTIQUA, 14. Culture Heritage and the War : challenges and solutions.

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